Which irrigation technique involves applying water directly to the roots of the plants?

Drip irrigation is the technique that applies water directly to the roots of plants. This method involves a network of tubing or pipes equipped with emitters that release water in a controlled and precise manner. By delivering water right at the plant's roots, drip irrigation minimizes water waste and reduces evaporation and runoff. This targeted approach not only enhances the efficiency of water usage but also promotes healthier plant growth, as the moisture is supplied exactly where it is needed.

The other methods of irrigation have different mechanisms that do not provide the same level of precision. Flood irrigation covers large areas with water, allowing it to flow over the soil surface and saturate the area, which can lead to runoff and water loss. Surface irrigation typically involves directing water over the soil's surface through gravity, which can result in uneven distribution. Sprinklers distribute water overhead, mimicking rainfall, but do not target the root zone as effectively as drip systems. Each of these methods has its advantages, but only drip irrigation ensures water reaches the roots directly and efficiently.